Chapter 2: Nationalism in India Class TENTH, SUBJECT social science, NCERT,

Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

We’ll develop this chapter based on the given sections. After expanding each section, we can compile the chapter into a PDF.

Section i: The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

Expanded Content

1. Impact of World War I on India

• Economic Hardships: The war led to increased military expenses borne by India. This resulted in higher taxes, rising prices, and economic hardship for the general population.
• Forced Recruitment: Many Indians were forcibly recruited to fight in the war, causing widespread resentment.

2. The Khilafat Movement

• Background: Post-war, the defeat of the Ottoman Empire threatened the position of the Caliph, a religious leader revered by Indian Muslims.
• Goals: The movement aimed to protect the Caliphate and ensure fair treatment for the defeated Ottoman Empire.

3. The Non-Cooperation Movement

• Launch by Gandhi: In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act, Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.
• Boycott and Protest: The movement involved boycotting British goods, institutions, and services, and mass protests and demonstrations.

Section ii: Differing Strands within the Movement

1. Diverse Participation

• Wide Appeal: The movement attracted various groups with different grievances against British rule.
• Varied Agendas: While united against British rule, these groups had differing aspirations and motivations.

2. Regional Variations

• Local Leaders and Issues: In different regions, local leaders played pivotal roles, aligning the national movement with regional issues.

Section iii: Towards Civil Disobedience

1. The Simon Commission and its Aftermath

• Nationalist Outrage: The all-British Simon Commission, meant to discuss constitutional reforms, was met with protests.
• Demand for Swaraj: The Indian National Congress declared the goal of complete independence (Purna Swaraj).

2. The Salt March and Civil Disobedience

• Salt March: Gandhi’s 1930 march to Dandi to make salt symbolized resistance against British salt laws.
• Widespread Civil Disobedience: The movement saw widespread participation, defying British laws.

Section iv: The Sense of Collective Belonging

1. Cultural and Ideological Foundations

• Symbols and Icons: Use of national symbols and icons to evoke a sense of unity.
• Cultural Renaissance: Literary and artistic movements contributed to a sense of national identity and pride.

2. Building a National Identity

• Role of Education and Media: Schools, newspapers, and literature played a role in spreading nationalist ideas.
• Inclusivity Challenges: Efforts to include diverse regions, languages, and religious communities in the national movement.